Transmission system



1 27. Feb 8 9 F. G. BAUM TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 2 Sheets-Sheet l ATTORNEYS INVENToR fra/7A G. 5470/?? 1927. Feb 8 F. G. BAUM v TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Filed June 20, 1922 2. Sheets-Sheet 2 WIT-NhEEg-g ATTORNEYS Patented Feb. 8, 192.7.

'y UNITED STATES FRANK G. BAUM.. yOF SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNOR TO WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF PENNSYLVANIA.

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.

Application filed June 20, 1922.

My invention relates to elcctrical-powery nental transmission system entirely feasible.

Another object of this invention is to provvide a method of Voltage regulation by which the current and voltage may be kept practically in phase and by which the voltage over the entire line may be kept practically constant for all loads.

lA further object is to provide a high-voltage transmission system 1n which power may be taken from` or supplied to, the line at any point; in which the direction of power transmission oVer all or sections of the line may be reversed; in which practically vconstant Voltage may be maintained fonall conditions of load; in which the question of the natural periodicity of the line is eliminated; with which simpler and 'cheaper generators may be used; with which transformers may be standardized for one voltage; with which insulation strains may be reduced; with which the flow of power has the greatest possible exibility; and which is simple, effective, practical and comparatively inexpenslve.

Another object of my invention is the provision of regulation for a plurality of synchronous condensers that are uniformly spaced along the transmission line to maintain a substantially constant voltage at all points along lthe line by suitably over-excit- I ing or under-excitlng the field windings of `the vsynchronous condensers in accordance with the requirements of the transmission l system.

A further object of my invention is to provide a relatlvely long, relatively highvoltage transmission line comprising means for so loadincr the line as to insure characteristics of stability throughout the whole line under all operating conditions. In particular, no sudden or large increase in voltage is permitted, regardless of line surges or open circuits, by reason of the inherent operating characteristics of my system.

Serial No. 569,704.

Another object of myy invention is to pro-v vide a transmission system that will be practicable even if the wattless or reactive power of the transmission line itself, by reason of the length thereof, is comparable 'to the load or the power transmitted for useful work. Furthermore, the various synchronous con- .denser stations that are spaced along the transmission line are adapted to supply the wattless power taken by the line itself in addition to any voltage-correcting operation that may be performed by the synchronous condensers at load points 1n accordance with prior practice.

A further object of my invention is to provide a long-distance lhigh-voltage power transmission line embodymg means for so loading the line at intermediate points as to substantially eliminate the effect of the normal reactance of the line under all conditions of load. In other words, the losses that occur along the length of the transmission line are limited solely to resistance and leakage losses, whereby the various synchronous condensers may be of relatively small capacity, compared to the amount of useful power transmitted.

Another object of my invention is to provide a transmission line having a length constituting an appreciable fraction of the wave f length corresponding to the frequency of the currentv traversing the line, together with means for so loading the line as to substantially eliminate the effect of the normal reactance thereof.

A further object of my invention is to provide a transmission line of the aboveindicated character embodying means lfor varying the normal relative values of powerfactors at the generator and the load ends of duce the normal difference in at the points mentioned.

Another object of my invention is to provide a system of transmission wherein the reactive power need not be transmitted through the line but is supplied at load or other points intermediate its ends.

A further object of my invention is to provide a system of transmission and distribution whereby it will be economica] to supply power to sparesly settled districts for household and farming purposes, since suitable ubstations will always be located `near the 95 the line or, in other words, to materiallyrefy l power-factors Another object of my invention is to provide a system of the above-indicated character including a plurality of capacitance devices, such as regulated synchronous condenser-s, connected to a transmission line of relatively great length at uniformly s aced points whereby1 in effect, a plurality o relatively short transmission lines are produced which, although connected in series relation, individually possess characteristics, such as constant voltage, stability, etc., as outlined above, that correspond to the short transmission-line sections rather than to the characteristics of long transmission lines as previously understood.A v

Other objects of my invention will become evident from the following detailed description and are particularly 'set forth in the appended claims.

It will be understood that, generally speaking, the term synchronous condenser is illustrative of any load-correcting means, whether functioningl as a capacity or an inductive load..

In the prior art, it has been proposed to use synchronous motorsin connection with a low-voltage circuit supplying asynchronous motors, or other devices inherently having relatively low power-factors, in order to compensate to a certain extent for the lagging eli'ect of the load current. It is well known that, by placing a synchronous motor in a low-voltage branch circuit at the point of energy consum tion, that is, where a load is to be drawn rom the line, the power-factor and the voltage of the lowvoltage circuit may be maintained approximately constant. However, such arrangements as have heretofore been employed are not adapted to provide for the economical transmission of large amounts of power over long-distance high-voltage lines under stable conditions and to prevent excessive increases in voltage under light or no-load conditions.

It was proposed early in the art of lowvoltage transmission systems to dispose synchronous motors in feeder circuits to the load. It is evident, in this case, also, that the principle of operationis not applicable to high-voltage long-distance transmission lines in order to supply the wattless current taken by the line itself and thus maintain the desired constant voltage, which I accomplish by the use of uniformly distributed corrective loading devices connected to the line itself.

In other words, by connecting a plurality of automatically regulated synchronous condensers to a relatively long transmission line at substantially uniformly spaced points and making such condensers of larger capacity than would be required for merely maintaining the voltage at the load point substantially constant, such increased capacity of the synchronous condensers may be employed for the purposes previously set forth, namely, to supply the reactive or wattless power taken by the line itself, thus limiting the line losses to resistance and leakage los-:es only. It will be seen that I thus contemplate an entirely different use of synchronous condenser-s and achieve a radically new result as compared with any of the teachings of the prior art. Viewed from one angle, therefore, it may be considered that my transmission line, taken as a whole, includes thc synchronous condensers as an integral part thereof.

In a comprehensive system of super-power development, it is necessaryto tie together various centers of distribution by means of transmission lines. It will be necessary to supply loads of varying values at intermediate points on'a very long transmission line. A system which automatically provides a substantially constant potential throughout the line and is stable under all operating conditions would be ideal forsuch a system of super-power transmission network. A transmission line of several hundred miles in length and of relatively high voltage, such as 220,000 `volts, would undergo, at no load, if no means were provided for maintaining the voltage at the desired value of 220,000 volts, a .voltage rise of 30% to 40%, which would probably cause a flashover under certain conditions of moisture and dirt on the line insulators. Furthermore, it would be extremely diiiicult, if not impossible under such conditions to maintain proper regulation of the voltage at the receiving end.

By dividing the transmission line into relatively short sections, say 100-mile lengths, and supplying a corrective current such as a charging current under light-load conditions, to the line from a synchronous condenser located at each of such points, a substantially constant potential is maintained throughout the length of the line, and power may be supplied or received at any of these points, while requiring only a minimum ot additional generating or distributing apparatus.

One of the advantages in having a transmission line with a fixed potential over its llO entire length resides in the matter of sta bility under varying load conditions,y as

compared With the usual transmission line having the potential fixed only at'the O'enerating and the distributing points. for example, in a transmission line of several hundred miles in length, a synchronouscondenser station, in accordance with one form of my vpresent invention, would be installed at every 10U-mile point. In case the line is supplying a load at an intermediate'point, as well as at its terminal, if the load at the intermediate point were suddenly thrown off, the synchronous condenser at the intermediate point would still lll be over-excited for the voltage formerly existing. l--lfowcvclg the voltage at this point would not undergo any substantial rise in value. since the synchronous condensers in the aforesaid sections would become underexcited upon the occurrence ot a relatively small increase in voltage, and they would thus inherentlv and immediately act as stabilizers to hold the potential down at those points, so that the limit to which the` lmtential could rrise at the load point in question would be the possible rise corresponding to only 100 miles of open-end transmission, which is a relatively small amount.y .v

lt will-be seen that this stabilizing effect occurs irrespective of the total length of the transn'iission line, since thel individual sections inherently act in the manner set forth, regardless of the distance trom any generating station. .The advantage of a system of this character in considering general networks in a super-power system will be evident. ,'lhus, in considering the prospective joining of a neighboring center of distribution with a transmission line, it will no longer be necessary to consider the introduction of new synchronous condenser substations. Such a station will be available on the transmission line at some relatively close point--possibly not much more than titty miles distant, and the only problem Willbe one of possible additionto the condenser capacity of `the station. Furthermore, when considering the supply of lowvoltage power along the transmission' line, it will be simply a matter of connecting to the low-voltage side of one of the-synchronous condenser sub-stations and, as stated above, such a. station will likely exist within a radius of fifty miles from the point of consumption.-

y It will thus be seen-that the length of a transmission line constructed in accordance with the present invention is not limited or handicapped, as in the prior art, b the impossibility of transmitting power eyond a certain-distance or by other inherent limi- Y tations in apparatus or line construction.

On the other hand, the only matter to be considered in the extension of the transmission line to any desired point is the economics of such an extension, that is to say,

whether or not there is suliicient demand for power along the proposed line of eXtension to malle such an extension a profitable investment. l

The proposed system Vis practically nonoscillatory, as far as the power circuits are concerned, and will, therefore, be practically tree from transmission line surges. Moreover, since, at the end of each Section, there will be a suitable grou-nd on the transmission system, the natural oscillations of the system length of the short sections, namely 100 milesinstead of being dependent upon the length of the total transmission line.

The system is practically a number of short transmiion systems connected in series relation and, therefore, it the first scc.- tion ofthe transmission line is worked out so as to have the proper relations between the costs of the line losses and the interest on the investment, the same condition will hold on the successive sections, the transmission losses being reduced as the cost oi ower becomes increasingly higher with 'the ength of transmission.

My transmission system has the characteristic of requiring a minimum of synchronous-condenser capacity or other corrective loading means for providing the dcsired voltage regulation and with respect to the transmission losses for a given voltage, and such capacity lwill also be a minimum for the transmission of a given amount of useful power. The relatively arge number ot condenser sub-stations is of great advantage in increasing the stability of the system as a whole, which makes for greater reliability in operation and renders the system vcapable of supplying small loads at the substations with a relatively small or negligible increase 1n expense. v

Heretofore, the distance to which electric power could be satisfactorily and successfully transmitted has been limited, and regeneration, retransformation, and directcurrent schemes for increasing the distance over which transmission may be had` have not been satisfactory. In order to deliver a desired voltage at the receiving endl of the line, it has heretofore been necessary that the voltage impressed upon the line at the generator end be increased, depending upon the load, distance, and power-factor. Since the voltage which can be safely handled at thegenerator end is limited, it follows that the distance over which successful transmission may be had is likewise limited unless some method of voltage regulation is possible largely independentl of the generator voltage. It the distance for a given line be considered asa fairly constant factor and the load suddenly becomes lighter, the voltage on the line builds up proportionally and there is danger ot the insulation breaking down under the increased strain. of the current behind the voltage increases with the distance due to the line reactance and if the current lag becomes 90 the current and the voltage are opposed to each other, and a wattless current is produced. It' the current and the 'voltage can be kept substantially in phase over the entire line, the line voltage will remain substantially constant, which" is one of the ultimate objects' desired.

The lag 4 "In the practical applint-ation.` of my inven-4v `tion,;I `.contemplate providing synchronous rg'lltols or correctiveloadmg devices at suitably-spaced pointsalong t transmission line to supply leading or laggingcurrent, as' required. I also utilize, in conJunc.- tion therewith, the capacity currents of the line and such other corrections'as arise from the uze'of synchronous motors in the power load. The Synchronous 'regulators may be distributed along the line at suitable intervals, such as at every y100 to 200 miles, and largely at load centers Where the distance between such centers` is not too great. A very satisfactory and the preferred type of synchronous regulator is the synchronous condenser. v

Moreover, in the event of a loss or failure` I of one condenser, the step-down transformers f with my present invention;

Fig. 2 1s a simplified diagrammatic view ofa transmission system in which my invention `--has been embodied;

Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of a imilar system showing a certain network of mes; Fig. 4 is a vector diagram illustrating the principles lof operation;

Fig. 5V and Flg. 5^ are respectively a schematic illustration of a simple transmission line and a diagram of the corrections to be J sidere applied thereto, and

Fi 6 is a more complete type of diagram .showing the principles of operation of my invention.

The invention is applicable to any longdistance high-voltage transmission lines or networks, or even to a high-voltage network extending across the whole United States that has been properly located with respect to various hydro-electric and steam generating stations, either present or proposed,v

whereby the power requirements for the various centers of distribution and manufacture throughout the country, as well as' the transcontinental and other railway lines, may be satisfactorily and economically supplied. Two of the well known smaller power developments that have already been conin more or less detail are the Niby electrical or operating d1 yagara-lT-ew York and StriLawrence River power system projects. However, my insystemsv but even to the transcontinental transmission of power at a relatively low point not far removed.

Aspreviously stated, the extensions and linterconnections of my lon -distance or even transcontinentall transmission lsystem will not be `limited or handicapged in any way be determined solely on the basis of industrial economy and the ability to make a profitable investment.

Reference. may now behad to Fig. 1,

wherein the system shown comprises a transvcontinental or other relatively long-distance culties but may yventionis ieadily applicable not only tosuch tential energy will be available from some Y transmission line, preferably lof the threei phase type, embodying conductors 1, 2 and 3, which may be supplied at various ints from suitable steam or hydraulically riven generator stations, which are regulated for cortant voltage, one ofwhich is indicated at At uniformly spaced points along thels stem, such, for example, as every mi es, synchronous condenser substations tare connected across the line. i

Each sub-station may comprise a suitable step-down transformer 5 having a star-connectedv primary windin with its neutral point grounded for sta ilization purposes, as previously set forth; a synchronous condenser, which is connected through the transformer 5 to the transmission line; an

exciter '7 and a regulator 8 for automatically regulating the operation of the synchronous condenser in accordance with the demands of the transmission line.

The exciter 7 is connected, through a suitable variable resistor 11, to the excitin field winding 10 for the synchronous con enser 6, while a suitable regulator, conventionally illustrated at 8, is shown as being responslve to the voltage across one phase of the synchronous condenser for so controlling the series resistor 11 and a'second resistor 12, which is connected in parallel relation to the ield winding 10, as to automatically overexcite `or under-excite the lield winding to maintain the-desired constant voltage under all conditions upon the transmission line.

The particular type of regulator to be employed is notrelevant to the present invention and any suitable regulator for automatically over-exciting and under-exciting the ield winding, as desired, may be employed. As examples of such a regulator, reference may be had to Tirrill Patent No.

1,192,708, which was granted July 25, 1916,

and to a copending application lof H.

A. Travers, regulator systems, Serial No.

. 540,178, tiled March 1, 1922, and assigned to the Westinghouse' Electric & Manufacturing Company. i

l Referring particularly to the diagram Iof Fig. 4, let the receiver voltage, which should be 100%, be illustrated by the line o, -a.

- 'Then the reactance pressure, or voltage necessary to drive a unity-power-factor load current through the impedance of the line,

will be indicated by a, af at right angles thereto, without resistance loss, and with resistance loss by'a, b, andthe direction of ltheline voltage,- or voltage necessary to overcome the line impedance, under ordinary practice for a laggin current is shown by a, f. If the line is loa ed with a. leading or charging current or ca acity current, the line voltage may be de ected toward ap-f p roximatelyA the positionfa, g, which is the ideal -condition desired, It is, therefore, very desirableA that the line voltage lie as nearlyv as possible along the arca, g for all conditions of load,` yi. e. light or full` loads.

- If a synchronous regulator or condenser is placed at the receiver endthe line' voltage may be revented from taking the direction d) may be kept along the circle a, g, provided the line current )be kept in phase ,with or slightly in advance of the pressure; In Fig. 4, the line f, b represents the `voltage correction by the synchronous condenser for lrepresents the correction bythe charging the power-'factor of the load b a represents the voltage .correction by the synchronous condenser for the resistance drop, and a', fg

current and the synchronous condenser to make all points of the line have approximately the same voltage. The line-charging lcurrent for a' 220,000 volt line transmitting y which the charging current corrects for the voltage drop, the synchronous condenser` draws lagging curent, this correction below thisloadl may be. elected Iby variable stationary reaetances instead of a synchronous 4 of this burden and giving them always a condenser. lFor lightloads or for no load,

vthe synchronous `condensers supply part or all of the charging current required for the line, thus relieving the generating stations load current near unity .power factor.

In Fig. 5, the regulation is for a simple t300-mile line. A synchronous condenser SCK at'the receiver end corrects for the power- Jfactor at the receiver ond of the linef'and for some of the vresistance drop, and another or intermediate synchronous condenser SC2 andi the line-charging current correct the voltage for the remaining resistance. and reactance drop. i

In Fig. 2, a wiring diagram for a line about G-miles long is illustrated, in wlnch loads are taken from the line at three intermediate points, the current from a. generator 21 being conducted through a se p-up transformer 22 to line wires 23 and 24. At the end of the first 100 miles, a step-down transformer 25, having two low-voltage windings 26 and-'27, is connected, through one of the low-voltage windings, toa synchronous condenser SCI, and the other lowvoltage winding is connected to either a load or generator L1. Similar installations are provided at the ends of the second, fourth, and last 100-mile sections throu h transformers, 28,` 29 and 30, respective y, synchronous condensers SC2, SC4 and SC5 and loads or generators L2, L4 and L5. At the end ofthe third section, a transformer 31 is provided for' the synchronous condenser SC'. Loads may be supplied to or taken :from the line at any of the points L1,

L2, L4 or L5.

In Fig. 3, a similar system is illustrated, but the line wires are arranged in a web or net-like manner to illustrate that, with the voltage regulation problem successfully solved, the country could be covered with a network. of transmission lines `with power supplied to, or taken from, the system at vany desired points. In fact, the power iiow might be in one direction upon one portion of the -li'neand in an opposite direction in another portion of the line or in opposite directions over the same line at different times.' In the system of Fig. 3,. two generating stations G and H are shown as adapted solely to supply power to the lines. Power maybe supplied to or taken from the lines at stations A, B, C, E and F, and the regulation offvoltage accomplished not only by the capacity currents of the line, but by the synchronous condensers. The synchronous condensers might be said to tie down the voltage points of the system. Any tendencyto raise or lower the line Voltage is instantaneously and at least partially' counteracted by the condensers-in this respect acting like electric gyroscopes, or automatic magnetic brakes acting against variations of voltage. The voltage being constant there is a 'gradual decrease of current along the line to make up the dissipated energy of the line.

The diagram shown in Figs. 4 and 5^ are illustrative and approximate, and are given for the purpose of a general understanding of the transmission system proposed. Consider a system of four sections ot 100 miles each, a synchronous condenser SCL. ctc. bcing located at the end of each section (the sections for calculation as per diagram in Fig. 2 really begin and end at thev condensers). In practice, of course, the distances between condenser stations ma be varied to meet the distances best suite for economy for particular conditions. For example, the transformer and condenser stations would be located generally near cities or large load centersV andthe spacings may vary to some extent, but this can be taken care of by the capacity of the condensers.

In Fig. 6 is shown a more accurate d iagram of the load end of a 100-mile section of a constant-potential transmission system. Voltage and current are from O O, the voltage ing that between one line conductor and ground or neutral, and the current being the load current at the end section. The resistance mile section is taken as 9 ohms, t e reactance 80 ohms and the charging current 70 amperes. These values are for a (S-cycle line. The voltage to neutral is 127,000 volts and the full-load current I=500 amperes.

oa=IX=500 80=40000 volts=31.5%.

leotted to the right.

for various fractional loads being shown by the curve o 'i j.

The envelope of the vectors for the currents at the beginning of this 100-mile sec- `tion for different vfractional loads is shown f by the curve lc lo e. The liureshows the current and power-factor conditions from no load to full load.

a At no load, it is shown that the condenser v at the load end supplies charging current for 50 miles of line and the other stations furnish the charging current for'100 miles on 'ach side of the condenser, and the generatlng station need not supply any charging current, in which case there would be no curfirst condenser current, and the chargin v Lay olf from a the length Draw now the circular arc og, which is the locus of the ends of the. volta e vectors which are to be maintained practically con- It will be seen that the voltage bg must be compensated for in some Way to keep the voltage constant. There are two meansI for correcting this drop bg,one 'being the charging current of the line and the other the leading current (below the point a or about 0.4 load the condenser current would be lagging) of the condenser. The correction of voltage given bythe charging current Io is 92=7Lg on the diagram. Hence,

the remaining correction bh must be made by the synchronous condenser current, In,

and must equal IMX. Now v bgrbh-l-hgzba-i-ag. We know that barIR, and from the figure it can be proved by simple trigonometry that current of the line rotates the current stil more, until, at the end of the line section, the current leads the pressure by the angle shown, Thisv is about the same angle that thecurrent was made to lead by theend condenser, and hence we see that, for this load, al1 the condensers except the end condenser would not be supplying leading 'or lagging current. Hence, for this load, the line is practically self-regulating, if we have unity-power-actor load. l i

As the load still further increases, we see that the condensers must furnish more leading current, as shown by the point j, and the line-charging current rotates the currentstill further to the position o, e. The factor from about one-half load to ful load, in which range the system will normally operate, is very good indeed, being near unity. The power-factor of the line and at. the generator can thus be controlled closely for all practical purposes to give high econ- -omy and maintain practically a constant potential for all points ofthe transmission line, no matter how long it may be.

It will be seen that the potential hase dif-` ference between theends of 100 mi e sections will be, at full load, about 18, and proportionally for smaller loads. For a 50G-mile line this means a phase rotation of the pressure at full load. of about 90, and 180, for a 100G-mile line. It is thus seen to 'be absolutely necessary that the current be made to rotate through approximately the same angle as the pressure is rotated 'in order to obtain a power-factor substantially near enough l unity when the system is carrying a normal duty. v

It is not necessary that the current be kept in exact phase with the pressure, but 1t must :vary to some extentfrom this exactposition for different load conditions, as shown in the dia-gram, which has been made to meet Maini 100G-mile line may be'the same if the voltage at the intermediate points is held down by synchronous condensers or synchronous regulators y as that of al line havmg a len th equal to the line sections. The rise in vo tage over the line due to the chargin current 1s thus determined by the length o the line sections and not by the total length of the line. Otherwise, without the synchronous regulators added, We would get uncontrollable voltage conditions making long lines inoperative. In fact, the proposed system acts as though there were automatle regeneration at each of the synchronous-regulator stations.

It will be seen that my systemofjtransmission automatically regulates vthe opera tion of the uniformly spaced synchronous condensers to maintain a substantially constant `voltage throughout the length of the line by supplying the wattless power taken by the line itself. In this way the reactance of the line is substantially eliminated, and the transmission losses are limited to resistance -and leakage losses only. By providing the relatively short sections connected in series relation, the line inherently possesses stable characteristics under all operating conditions. and, while the voltage is maintained substantially constant, the differences in the power-factors between the generating and the receiving ends is materially reduced over prior-art transmission systems.

Furthermore, the sections of the transmission line-constitute but a small fraction of the wave length corresponding to the frequency of the transmission system, which, in the present case, may be assumed as 60 cycles, although the total length of the system may be an appreciable fraction of a wave length or may even exceed a wave length. It will be understood that, in case a relatively high frequency were employed. my invention would be applicable to a much shorter transmission line than the proposed transcontinental line is employed, such, for example, at a relatively short branch thereof. The same effects and results would be obtained in this high-frequency system and a corresponding vreduction in the spacing of the synchronous condenser sub-stations -would be required. In other words, the fact that the total length of the line is an appreciable. fraction of the wave length correspondlng to the normal frequency of the line 1s an important feature of the present invention.

It will -be seen that such a national power system will make the best possible use of the potential power sources of the country, because thesystem will be so large as to make best use of thevarying stream characteristics in t e various sections. Such a system will also derivel advantage from the time differences or shifts in daylight hours between the East and the 'West by reason of the diilerencesi'n time of the peak loads on the system. AIt will also take best advantage of the diversity of interests in thevarious sections of the country.

Such a system of electric-power transmission is necessary for the economic development of this country. For, aside from the economics of such a system in connecting up the surplus power sources with the large consuming markets and in bringing into use many powersources otherwise 'not feasible of development, such a system will bring about a distribution of theyindustries and or other local circuits on a transmission line.

to steady or regulate the voltage in such local circuits, -and sometimes to hold it equal with the voltage at the generator end of the line: and for such purpose it has been proposed that the rating and regulation of such synchronous condensers -be proportioned to the regulation requirements of the local load on the local circuits in which such condensers were respectively to be employed. But heretofore it was never proposed that a long-(listanee transmission line be intercepted by synchronous condensers, or other wattless current generating means, having their rating and regulation proportioned to and ade.- quate for regulation of the line itself in respect of through trunk-line blocks of power to be transmitted through such intercepting points and onward to points beyond along the line, as well as in respect of whatever power is drawn otfor supplied to the. trunkline by local circuits at or near such intercepting points. Neither was it ever proposed that such trunk-line regulating stations be so distributed as to intercept the line within" the limits beyond which substantial instability would otherwise inherlating sync limi-ts that vwould section alizel it .intosections Whose natural -periodicity would be so high that thesectionalized-linewould not be sub- 'ect to these'rious `transmissionobstacles inerent in tlie low .natural periodicity lthe same-long lineunsectionalized"would have.`

Neither was it evervproposed :that such syn` "chronous condenser stations '.so' distributed station circuit-breakers.v Neither was it everl 'proposed vthat such synchronous Vcondenser have such rating and regulation as' 'to be adequate to carry the charging current. of

such trunk-line and relieve the burden vthereof otherwise imposed on the generators'and at the same time cooperateelfectively with the charging current so as to utilizev it fully for control ofr ythe yline itselfv without the menace such charging current otherwisebe-V Icame during, for instance, sudden disconnectionvof heavy load or' opening of receiver stations, having such .rating` and regulation and so distributed, bei employed vessentially as props for the trunk-line voltage',so to sustain andso'to restrain it that 'powertrans-y mission may be effected un tosubstantially set by the mere local' regulation requirements in local circuits,`and'sorender through Apower transmission substantially independent of all' but resistance and leakage losses and give to the long compound line the effectiveness of a short line and make the length substantially unrestricted, save by the economic value of the power delivered at points dis? These purposes are tant from its source. effected by-1he present invention. Its prlmary consideration is the control of the through trunk-line itself and makingthat line-control dominan-t lover Whatever local regulation is employed in power-supply or load circuits on the line, such mere local regulation being contradistinguished by the fact that its requirements are determined by the limitations of the local loadin the local circuit' and that its extent and purpoe are mainly just the local voltage steadying that betters the receptivity of the local circuit with only incidental benefit to the through line and without providing such lineJ with regulation adequate for through transmission of large blocks of power over and above the power drawn oft' or added to the trunk-line by the localcircuits along it.

The compound line. constituted of.' the transl'uissionvline and its synchronous condeusers, and with the connected local circuits thatgthe inherent capacity or char in'g'cur fandv that the inherent `induct-ance of theline,`

`-becomesoifpractical moment worthy toi-ank*- I l the carrying capability of the line y1tself,fand not just within the receptivity limitationsj 'with 'or defeat practical highvoltage trans- '.,great enough to occasion orv practically ters, andvvfithfthev same:connected'localciri cuits. and their local regulation v The comi pound line overcomes line dicultiesthat be-j come. inherent whenhtheg s impleorfnory l line is sought Vt'o-.be extended to d istatice's yond the limits of whatfis ordinarily-term a short1.line,`jand'difliculties that becom superablefat great. distances- A In th line, withits connectedloca'lacircui th total electrical length is only suchfractionl part of the fundamental wave lengthfQfjlfhCi impressed s alternating electromotlve .Jforcfe 1 rent is either'negligibleortoo smal Yto mate rially afectthe transmission ffyandftheref-f80 fore be comparable with; the-pox'veiCOInpd-i:` Q nent ofthe load current; and that the'.nat f f ural {periodic-ity" ofthe line lis too lhiglrto permitl re's c' n ancev oscillations` or like. .disturbl ances great'enough to 'interfere vmateriallyy 1-85* with practical highvoltage3 transmission;

is not great enough to occasion instabilityatf or before the receiver circuits, In theafore; said lon simple or1normal'."l ine, with? rits connecte ,local 'circuits, the capacit x( forY charging current isinherentl ofan'orderfof magnitude .that must be' rec oued with and witl'i, `and"v therefore be comparable'ltm thef.,

power com onent of the load current; and- H the shortcircuit current maybecome"small'l 'and 'the natural periodicity of the linel he-A i comes low enough to permitresonance oscil i' lations or like disturbances v that interfere mission; and the inductive reactance of the line is much greater than its resistance; and the electrical length fof such line becomes threaten instability at'or before the receiver circuits, such instability becoming a practi` cal risk, under the ordinary normal variations of the operating conditions and load, long before the electrical length of the line reaches the theoretical limitA at which under even normal steady conditions the voltage displacement would attain the angle of nearly ninety degrees at which instability inherently must occur.V Such long simple or normal line is the line who:e transmission difliculties` are remedied by vthe compound line-of this invention. The need for it-of course does not merely arise vat the abstract theoreticall limit beyond which appreciable power cannot be transmitted over the simple line, but arises `practically wherethe limitations of the simple line transmission reduce t the transmissible power either below a practical economic limitorto less than the practical economic value of 'installation' and operation ot the compound line. Eective o erating limits must of course be those withln which practically useful power is deliverable on a practicable economic basis, and the increase of such effectiveness is a main utility transmission.

The wattless current generating means employed in the Icompound line are preferably synchronous, condensers, because especially suited and practical for the wide range of fluctuations in line conditions to be controlled and because of their quick and elfective response to regulation, but loaded synchronous motors or generators or other operating or even static reactors may be emplo ed if 'designed to do the work of contro ling such Wide range of fluctuations in line conditions and to respond quickly and effectively to the automatic regulation that such control of the line itself requires. Unless synchronous motors or generators 'are so designed, they are not, even though running idle, properly termed synchronous condensers, as they are not ordinarily capable of having the range or character of regulation that obtains in machines that are primarily synchronous condensers or synchronous phase modifiers.

The wattless current generating means may sometimes be termed a reactor, in the broad sense in which that term is employed to indicate a device used primarily because it possesses the property of reactance,y and used in the line for purposes of control effected by inductive andcondensive reactance. f l

I do not wish to be restricted to the specific circuit connections or arrangement of parts herein set forth, as various modifications thereof, such as changes in the/,voltage and frequency employed and the preferred spacing of the synchronous condensers, may be eifected without departing from the spirit and scope of my' invent-ion. I desire, therefore, that only such limitations shall be imposed as are indicated in the appended claims.

I claim as my invention:

1. A long-distance high-voltage powertransmission system comprising: a line connected to power-supply and load circuits and extended beyond the normally inherent stability limits of distance for such a line so connected; and wattless-current generating-means intercepting said line within said stability limits and having such rating and regulation as to be adequate to carry the charging current and control the voltage along the line itself and to maintain the of the compound line in long-distance powerstability of the system for through powertransmission along the line from no load to peak load, such line-regulation'for through transmission being dominant over whatever local regulation is employed in power-supply or load circuits on the line. 2. A long-distance high-voltage powertransmission system comprising: a llne connected to power-suppl and load circuits through transmission being dominant over whatever local regulation is employed in power-supply or load circuits on the line.

3. A long-distance power-transmission system constituted of line units connected in series and having at their junction point or points wattless-current generating-means operating by inductive and condensive reactance to compensate leading and la ging currents and, in cooperation with the c arging current of the line, to maintain within a controlled effective range the volta e along the line units extending in each irection from such 'unction point or points respectively, said wattless-current generatingmeans respectively having such rating and regulation as to be effectively responsive to fluctuations in line-conditions inherent in and distributively occurring along said line units and be adequate to carry the charging current of the line and control the line itself, such line-regulation for through transmission being dominant over whatever local regulation is employed in power-supply or load circuits on the linefand said line units extending away from said wattless-current generating-means respectively for distances of like order of magnitude and each within that distance beyond which substantialinstability inherently occurs in such a line, the natural period of oscillation of each of said units so controlled being substantially greater than the fundamental frequency, the line being one whose charging current is of an order of magnitude comparable tothe power component of the load current of the line, and the inductive reactance of the line being of an order of magnitude substantially greater than the resistance of the line; whereby the wattless-current generatingmeans serve essentially as an intermediate prop or intermediate props so to sustain and so to restrain the voltage along the line itself as to provide stable effective transmission of power throughout the line.

4. A high-voltage power-transmission system of unrestricted length provided, at a point or points in advance of the region or regions of normal instabillty of the line, with line-regulating means for 'preventing the occurrence of suchinstability, such lineregulation for through transmission being dominant over whatever local regulation is employed in power-supply or load-circuits on the line. l

'5. A high-voltage power-transmission system of unrestricted length comprising a plurality of units in series, each unit corresponding in length to a short line and being provided with means at yits terminal cooperating with said unit to substantially maintain the line voltage regulated at effective power transmitting value, such lineregulation for through transmission being dominant over whatever local regulation is employed in power-supply or load circuits on the line; whereby each unit will operate to deliver the power as an original source into the next succeeding unit, and the long line will possess throughout its length substantially the power-transmitting effectiveness of a short line. v -y 6. An electrical power-transmission system comprising a transmission 'line of such length, voltage and frequency that the charging current thereof normally causes substantial increases in voltage at points remote from the source of power under light or no-load conditions andthe inherent inductive reactance thereof lsubstantially limits the amount of power that can be transmitted, a plurality of generating stations feeding power into the said line, a plurality of load stations receiving power from said line, a plurality of synchronous condensers connected to the line at intervals, and means for automatically regulating said condensers in accordance with the voltage of the line itself so as to maintain said line voltage regulated within a desired range of variation in which the highest voltage does not exceed a predetermined operating value and the lowest voltage permits of the transmission throughout the length of the line of substantially the power delivered to it, such line-regulation for through transmission being dominant over whatever local regulation is employed in power-supply or load circuits on the line.

7. The method of operating an electrical power-transmission line of such length, voltage and frequency that the charging cur-Y rent thereof normally causes substantial increases in voltage at points remote from the source of power under light or no-load conditions, which consists in supplying reactive volt-amperes to the line at a plurality of distributed points therein and in so varying the amount and character of the reactive voltamperes supplied to the line at each of said distributed points as to maintain the voltage of the line itself at said points substantially uniform and equal under all conditions of load, such line-regulation for through transmission being dominant over whatever local regulation is em loyed in power-supply or load circuits on t e lille, l i

8. A power system comprising an electrical transmission line and a s nchronous condenser, to regulate the line itself, connected to the line intermediate and remote from the points where energy is supplied to the line and where energy is taken from it respectively, such line-regulation for through transmission being dominant over whatever local regulation is employed in power-supply or load circuits on the line.

9. A long-distance electrical power transmission system comprising a throughtransmission line, a plurality of local circuits connected to points at intervals on said line through suitable* transforming apparatus, dynamo-electric machinery located in each of said local circuits and having rating and regulation adequate to hold the voltage substantially constant for all power transmitted to or from their respective local circuits, and a plurality of devices connected to said line at one vor more of such points for supplying reactive volt-amperes to, and withdrawing reactive Volt-amperes from, the aforesaid transmission line, one or more of said local circuits exchanging a relatively small amount of power with said line as compared to the amount of power transmit-ted by said line itself topoints beyond on said line.

10. The method of transmitting power over an electrical power transmission line of such length, voltage and frequency that;

its inherent inductive reactance substantially limits the amount of power that can be transmitted, which consists in supplying to the line itself at an intermediate point thereof a suilicient rated flow of react-ive voltamperes to maintain the line-voltage at said point within a predetermined range and enable the line itself to transmit beyond said intermediate point a block of power substantially exceeding the limit imposed by the original characteristics of the line and'irrespectively of the load carried at any intermediate point in the line.

11. A long-distance power-transmission line provided with reactors at the receiving point and at an intermediate point, said reactors having a rating and regulation adequate to control the voltage at said points within such predetermined range that the total reactive volt-amperes required to be delivered to the line itself per unit of power transmitted at a given load is substantially less than would be required for the same line regulated by similar reactors located at the receiving point only to give at said point the same predetermined range of voltage at the same load, within the limits of stability of said line, such line-regulation for through transmission being dominant over whatever local regulation is employed in power-supply or load circuits on the line.

l2, .A high-voltage power-transmission lline of unrestricted length provided with a generator and a receiver at its respective ends and constituted of line units connected in series and having at their junction points reactors to carry the charging current and supply the inductive requirements of the line,

said reactors having such rating and regulation that at the limit of stability of the compoun'd line the angle between the generator and receiver voltages is substantially greater than the angle between the .voltages at any two junction points at the limit of stability of transmitted load between said junction points.

13. An electrical system `comprising a transmission line of such length, voltage and frequency that the charging current thereof normally causes substantial increases in voltage at points remote from thelsource of power under light or no-load conditions and the inherent inductive reactance thereof substantially limits the amount of power that may be transmitted, a generating station and a load station connected to different points thereof,` and a synchronous condenser con` nected to the line intermediate said stations and of such rating and regulation as to regulocal regulation is late the line itself and permit the transmission from said generating station to said load station of power required thereby above'the operative limit im osed by the electrical characteristics of te system as otherwise constituted, such line-re transmission being. dominant over whatever employed i'n power-supply or load circuits on the line.

14. In a long-distance power-transmission system, the combination with the line wires thereof, of a voltage controlling device or devices located at a point or points respectively along the line, the lengths of the line sections marked out and regulated by said device or devices being such that the natural periodicity of each of said sections is substantially higher than that of the fundagulation for through tion for through transmlssion being dominant over whatever local regulation is employed in power-supplv or load circuits on the line.

In Witness whereof, I hereunto subscribe my signature.

FRANK G. BAUM.

CERTIFICATE F CGRRECTION.

Patent No. l, 617, 007.

' Granted February 8, 1927, to

FRANK G. BAUM.

lt is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specification of the above mentioned word 563, filed September 14, 192l."; with these corrections therein in the Patent Office.

patent requiring correction as follows: Page l, line 4, after the "distances" strike out the period and`insert a comma and t plication being a continuation in part oimy copending application, Serial No. 500

and that the said Letters Patent should be read that the same may conform to the record of the cue Signed and sealed this 15th day of March, A. D. 1927.

Seal.

M. i. Moore, Acting Commissioner of Patents.

he words "this ap- 

